Academic vocabulary for arguing: beweren (to claim/argue), stellen (to posit/state), betogen (to argue/contend), aantonen (to demonstrate), bewijzen (to prove), weerleggen (to refute), onderbouwen (to substantiate), illustreren (to illustrate), vergelijken (to compare), analyseren (to analyse), concluderen (to conclude), samenvatten (to summarise).
Formal transition words: echter (however), bovendien (moreover/furthermore), daarentegen (on the other hand), desondanks (despite this/nonetheless), als gevolg hiervan (as a result of this), in tegenstelling tot (in contrast to), met betrekking tot (with regard to), derhalve (therefore — very formal), voorts (furthermore — formal), teneinde (in order to — very formal).
Academic nouns: het onderzoek (research/investigation), de studie (study), de analyse (analysis), het bewijs (evidence/proof), de conclusie (conclusion), de hypothese (hypothesis), de theorie (theory), de methode (method), de bevinding (finding), het resultaat (result), de aanbeveling (recommendation). Dutch academic writing tends toward formal register and avoids contractions — knowing this vocabulary enables participation in Dutch academic and professional contexts.