Quantifiers express amounts and quantities. Veel (much/many): veel geld (much money), veel mensen (many people). Weinig (little/few): weinig tijd (little time), weinig vrienden (few friends). Genoeg (enough): genoeg eten (enough food), genoeg mensen (enough people). Te veel (too much/many): te veel suiker (too much sugar). Te weinig (too little/few): te weinig slaap (too little sleep). These are the core quantifiers every learner needs from day one.
Some and any: sommige (some — specific, used with plural nouns): sommige mensen (some people — specific subset). Enkele (some/a few — small number): enkele vragen (a few questions). Wat (some — used with uncountable nouns): wat melk (some milk), wat tijd (some time). Any in negative sentences: geen (not any/no): geen geld (no money), geen mensen (no people). Any in questions: any is usually expressed with een or just the noun without article.
All and every: alle (all — before plural nouns): alle mensen (all people), alle boeken (all books). Elk/elke (every/each — before singular): elk kind (every child — het-word), elke dag (every day — de-word). Ieder/iedere (every/each — more formal variant of elk/elke): iedereen (everyone — everyone is one word). Beide (both): beide ouders (both parents). Geen van beide (neither of both). Al het/de (all the — specific): al het geld (all the money), alle kinderen (all the children).